His expertise covers topics such as real-time simulations, power hardware-in-the-loop technology, power electronics and system stability, electromobility and AI in energy. Additionally, Ron Brandl is working as project manager and researcher at the European Distributed Energy Resource Laboratories e.V.
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Since 2011, Ron Brandl is working as a research associate at the Fraunhofer Institute for Energy Economics and Energy System Technology – IEE, where he heads the group ‘Power Electronics Applications’ and is part of the Fraunhofer Competence Center ‘Cognitive Energy Systems’. Ron Brandl completed his studies in electrical engineering in 2010 and received his doctorate in engineering from the University of Kassel in 2018. The IM was validated satisfactorily with RTS and a protection device (with unknown pinouts) in the loop.ĭr. The sequence to recognize IED pinouts and calculate the current/voltage scaling factors is described. In this paper, the IM was based on using an interface box, power source, and RTS to identify IED inputs/outputs. Then, the validation of protection and control systems with RTSs and IEDs in the loop from different vendors without amplifiers results in an unfeasible alternative. Additionally, commercial amplifiers have cutoff frequency limitations and have an excessive cost when several IEDs are wired onto test beds. Most of the emulation test beds with RTSs and HIL need amplifiers to connect IEDs from different product manufacturers because the low-voltage interface levels are not available in some instruction manuals. These protection devices have pinouts that measure bus voltages/currents and breaker pole states and generate trip/close pulse signals. It is a significant topic for the power systems protection community because there are many protection devices with different requirements. The European Commission is not responsible for any use that maybe made of the information contained therein.This study presents an interface method (IM) to interconnect real-time simulators (RTSs) without amplifiers for different intelligent electronic devices (IEDs), such as protective relays, smart meters, and other devices. It does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the European Communities. The sole responsibility for the content of this webpage lies with the authors. Noise, visual and environmental curtailmentĪcknowledgements | Sitemap | Partners | Disclaimer | Contact Table I.2.5: Comprehensive List of Loss Factors As the values in the table below are site specific, example values have not been presented, although in aggregate the total losses for a wind farm site would typically be in the 10-20 per cent range. Wind farm availability and the influence of tree growth on energy production may be time-dependent factors. Several of the loss factors will not be relevant to most projects, but they are listed here for the sake of completeness Following the table below, a description of each of the losses is provided. There is considered to be six main sources of energy loss for wind farms, each of which may be subdivided into more detailed loss factors:Ī rather comprehensive list of potential losses is presented in Table I.2.5 below.
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When WFDTs have been used to predict the output of a wind farm, it is necessary to estimate or calculate a range of potential sources of energy loss.